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German grammar · A2

German Reflexive Verbs and the Pronoun Sich

A reflexive verb turns the action back on the subject: I wash myself. German uses these far more than English does, and many of them are not reflexive in English at all, which is why they have to be learned as whole units.

The pronouns, and the dative twist

The accusative reflexive pronouns are mich, dich, sich, uns, euch, sich. Note that sich covers he, she, it, they and the formal you — one word doing a lot of work.

There is a second set in the dative, used when the sentence already has a direct object. Ich wasche mich — I wash myself, accusative. Ich wasche mir die Hände — I wash my hands: die Hände is now the direct object, so the reflexive pronoun shifts to the dative. Only the mich/mir and dich/dir forms actually differ; the rest are identical.

The verbs English does not mark

A large group of everyday German verbs are reflexive where their English equivalents are not: sich freuen (to be pleased), sich interessieren (to be interested), sich erinnern (to remember), sich fühlen (to feel), sich beeilen (to hurry), sich setzen (to sit down).

Most also come with a fixed preposition, and the pair has to be memorised together: sich freuen auf (to look forward to), sich freuen über (to be pleased about), sich interessieren für, sich erinnern an. Note that the first two are the same verb with different prepositions and genuinely different meanings.

Position: the pronoun normally comes straight after the conjugated verb — Ich freue mich auf das Wochenende — and moves to the end of the clause in a subordinate clause.

Examples

Mistakes to avoid

The errors are leaving out the reflexive pronoun because English does not need one, and using the accusative where a direct object in the sentence requires the dative.

How this is tested in the exam

Sich freuen auf and sich interessieren für are close to unavoidable when stating preferences and plans, which is what Sprechen asks for at A2 and B1. In Schreiben, an invitation or a reply to one almost always ends with a sentence built on one of them.

Frequently asked questions

What are the German reflexive pronouns?

mich, dich, sich, uns, euch, sich in the accusative. In the dative the first two change to mir and dir; the others are the same.

When do I use mir instead of mich?

When the sentence already has a direct object. Ich wasche mich, but ich wasche mir die Hände, where die Hände is the direct object.

Which German verbs are reflexive but not in English?

sich freuen, sich interessieren, sich erinnern, sich fühlen, sich beeilen and sich setzen, among many others. They must be learned with the pronoun attached.

What is the difference between sich freuen auf and sich freuen über?

Auf looks forward to something still to come; über is about something that has already happened. Ich freue mich auf das Wochenende, ich freue mich über dein Geschenk.

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